What I would suggest is to start a docker container and share a folder on your local computer with the docker container using the '-v' option, e.g.:
docker run -ti -v $(pwd):/home/fenics/shared your_fenics_image
to share your pwd with the docker container.
Next, make sure that the output generated in your docker container is stored in the shared directory (in the example above /home/fenics/shared). So for the example you mentioned, change the file demo_poisson.py as:
outdir = '/home/fenics/shared/'
file = File(outdir+"poisson.pvd")
Data stored in this shared folder is also accessible from your local computer.